Introduction:
The construction industry being labour intensive requires more numbers of skilled labour, good qualities of work, and increase in productivity etc. The problems associated with construction work like decreasing quality of work, labour shortages, and safety of labour and dealing condition of projects are often overcome by new innovative technologies like automation which has the potential to enhance the standard , safety, and productivity of the construction industry.
Today, as ‘time’ is the most pertinent factor to do any job at constructional field. Now it is evident that the extent of automation in construction is extremely low as compared with current technological advances. That is why we must make new efforts to extend the automation level of this important sector. To improve the mechanisations in progress of work, we are used different machineries or equipments in civil constructional sites.
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS OF CONSTRUCTIONAL MACHINERIES & EQUIPMENTS:
Work type-Site clearance, Earth work etc.
Work type-Road pavement works incl. WBM, WMM, Bituminous works etc.
Work type-Transportation
Work type-Concrete
Work type-Pile work
Work type-Lifting & Handling
Work type-Survey
Descriptions & Use of some Machineries & Equipments related with civil Construction:
The Dozer or Bulldozer :
Dozer is a very powerful crawler that is equipped with a blade. The term bulldozer is often used to mean any type of heavy machinery, although the term actually refers to a tractor that is fitted with a dozer blade. Often times, bulldozers are large and extremely powerful tracked vehicles. The tracks give them amazing ground mobility and hold through very rough terrain. Wide tracks on the other hand, help to distribute the weight of the dozer over large areas, therefore preventing it from sinking into sandy or muddy ground. As the years went by, when engineers needed equipment to complete larger jobs, companies such as CAT, Komatsu, John Deere, Case, and JCB started to manufacture large tracked earthmoving equipment.
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| The Dozer or Bulldozer |
Pay Loader or Loader :
Loaders are primarily used for loading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and also digging. Loaders aren’t the most efficient machines for digging, as they can’t dig very deep below the level of their wheels, like the backhoe can.
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| Pay Loader or Loader |
Hydraulic Excavators :
Excavators are been used in large and small scale constructions. They are used for small housing projects to do a cut and fill, used in road construction, used in marine structures to place armors and large rocks, and also been used in larger sites to excavate, move construction material, remove construction waste etc. There are several types of excavators which are classified on use, brand and purpose.
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| Hydraulic Excavators |
Dumper :
A dump truck is a truck used for transporting loose material for construction.
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| Dumpers |
Motor Graders :
Motor Graders are most commonly used in the construction and mining sites for creating smooth and flat surface. In order to create smooth surface, the graders are designed with a long blade. These machines are also used for gravel roads maintenance. For construction of paved roads, the graders are used for creating a flat surface where the asphalt will be placed. For civil engineering projects, the purpose of the graders is to perform the fine grading. As mining machinery, the motor grader can be seen on every major mining site all over the world. Simply said, the grader is considering as extremely versatile machine that can be used for a variety of construction and mining tasks
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| Motor Graders |
Static smooth wheeled rollers :
The most suitable soils for these roller type are well graded sand, gravel, crushed rock, asphalt etc. where crushing is required. These are used on soils which does not require great pressure for compaction. These rollers are generally used for finishing the upper surface of the soil. These roller are not used for compaction of uniform sands. The smooth wheeled rollers consists of one large steel drum in front and two steel drums on the rear. The gross weight of these rollers is in the range of 8-10 tonnes.
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| Static smooth wheeled rollers |
Heavy Soil Compactor :
Vibrating smooth wheeled rollers: In case of vibrating smooth wheeled rollers, the drums are made to vibrate by employing rotating or reciprocating mass.
These rollers are helpful from several considerations like:-
(i) Higher compaction level can be achieved with maximum work
(ii) Compaction can be done up to greater depths
(iii) Output is many times more than conventional rollers
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| Heavy Soil Compactor |
Sheep foot Roller:
Sheep foot rollers are used for compacting fine grained soils such as heavy clays and silty clays. Sheep foot rollers are used for compaction of soils in dams, embankments, subgrade layers in pavements and rail road construction projects.
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| Sheep foot Roller |
Tandem vibratory rollers:
Tandem vibratory rollers compact freshly placed asphalt mats to specific densities using two, smooth steel drums that vibrate to consolidate the material. Many have sophisticated systems that continually measure density as compaction progresses and adjust compaction effort to avoid over-compaction.
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| Tandem Vibratory Rollers |
Pneumatic Tyred Rollers:
Pneumatic tyred rollers are also called as rubber tyred rollers. These rollers are used for compaction of coarse grained soils with some fines. These rollers are least suitable for uniform coarse soils and rocks. Generally pneumatic tyred rollers are used in pavement sub-grade works both earthwork and bituminous works.
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| Pneumatic Tyred Rollers |
Vibrating plate compactor:
Vibrating plate compactors are used for compaction of coarse soils with 4 to 8% fines. These equipments are used for small areas. The usual weights of these machines vary from 100 kg to 2 tonne with plate areas between 0.16 m2 and 1.6 m2.
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| Vibrating plate compactor |
Road Paver:
A paver is a piece of construction equipment used to lay asphalt on roads, bridges, parking lots . The asphalt is added from a dump truck or a material transfer unit into the paver’s hopper. The conveyor then carries the asphalt from the hopper.
Tipper trucks:
A tipper truck is a truck used for transporting loose bituminous mix material to feed the road paver for paving the mix materials at construction at site .
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| Tipper trucks |
Telescopic Crane:
This type of crane offers a boom that consists of a number of tubes fitted one inside of the other. A hydraulic mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or decrease the length of the boom.
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| Telescopic Crane |
Tower Cranes:
The tower crane is a modern form of a balance crane. When fixed to the ground, tower cranes will often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are also used when constructing tall buildings.
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| Tower Cranes |
Truck Mounted Cranes:
Cranes mounted on a rubber tire truck will provide great mobility. Outriggers that extend vertically or horizontally are used to level and stabilize the crane during hoisting.
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| Truck Mounted Cranes |
Overhead Cranes:
Also referred to as a suspended crane, this type is normally used in a factory, with some of them being able to lift very heavy loads. The hoist is set on a trolley which will move in one direction along one or two beams, which move at angles to that direction along elevated or ground level tracks, often mounted along the side of an assembly area.
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| Overhead Cranes |
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